Formal methods are a suite of mathematically grounded techniques that underpin the design, specification, and verification of programming languages and software systems.

Tadeusz Antczak, SADDLE POINT CRITERIA AND THE EXACT MINIMAX PENALTY FUNCTION METHOD IN NONCONVEX PROGRAMMING, Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 17, No. 2 (April 2013), pp. 559-581 ...

In the first part of this paper, the concept of logical reduction is presented. Minimal preferred variable inequalities are introduced, and algorithms are given for their calculation. A simple ...

Formal methods offer a mathematically rigorous framework for the specification, development and verification of programming languages and software systems.