No European government wants to see a nuclear-armed regime in Tehran—but leaders’ support for Israel comes with limits.

The French-Israeli relationship has always been turbulent, but the prospect that President Emmanuel Macron may recognize a Palestinian state has brought tension to a new level.

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz also spoke with Netanyahu. “Israel has the right to defend its existence and the security of its citizens,” he said Sunday in a social media post. “Iran’s nuclear weapons program is an existential threat to the State of Israel.”

France said it has received a letter from the Palestinian Authority that contains “concrete and unprecedented commitments” to reform as Paris prepares to co-chair a conference on Palestinian statehood in New York.

France said on Tuesday it had obtained new commitments from the Palestinian Authority to reform, ahead of a conference next week at which Paris could become the most prominent Western power to back recognition of an independent Palestinian state.

Swedish activist Greta Thunberg was among those who opted to be deported from Israel, while French parliamentarian Rima Hassan and several others are awaiting court hearings.

Dr Graeme Groom, a British trauma and orthopaedic surgeon recently returned from Gaza. Among the patients he treated during his most recent mission was 11-year-old Adam al-Najjar, the only surviving child of paediatrician Dr Alaa al-Najjar.